Compositions of dual thyrointegrin antagonists and use in vascular-associated disorders

ABSTRACT

A dual thyrointegrin antagonist and a method for treating an angiogenesis-mediated disorder and/or a hyperthyroidism disorders by introducing the dual thyrointegrin antagonist into animals (e.g., mammals, human beings). The dual thyrointegrin antagonist includes a chemical structure having a thyroid hormone antagonist and αvβ3 integrin antagonist in the same molecule.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application claiming priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/916,714, filed Nov. 1, 2010, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,859,539, issued Oct. 14, 2014, which claimed priority to aProvisional No. 61/280,235, filed on Nov. 2, 2009, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a dual thyrointegrin antagonist and amethod for using the dual thyrointegrin antagonist to treat anangiogenesis-mediated disorder and/or a hyperthyroidism disorders

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The thyroid hormone antagonist such as tetrac (compound 8, FIG. 1) hasbeen shown to inhibit angiogenesis through weak affinity binding to cellsurface receptor αvβ₃ [Rebbaa A, Chu F, Davis F B, Davis P J, Mousa S A,Novel function of the thyroid hormone analog tetraiodothyroacetic acid:a cancer chemosensitizing and anti-cancer agent, Angiogenesis, 2008, 11:269-76]. However, tetrac translocates into the cell nucleus interferingwith thyroid hormone nuclear function leading to undesirable sideeffects.

Thus there is a need for a thyroid hormone antagonist that does notinterfere with thyroid hormone nuclear function.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a dual thyrointegrin antagonist,comprising a chemical structure of

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl;

wherein a group X is —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ such that n is 3, 4, or 5;

wherein a first condition, a second condition, a third condition, afourth condition, or a fifth condition is satisfied;

wherein the first condition is that (R₁ is X, R₂ is I, and R₃ is I), (R₁is I, R₂ is X, and R₃ is I), or (R₁ is I, R₂ is I, and R₃ is X);

wherein the second condition is that R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each selectedfrom the group consisting of X, H, and I such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differfrom each other;

wherein the third condition is that R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each selectedfrom the group consisting of X, OH, and I such that R₁, R₂, and R₃differ from each other;

wherein the fourth condition is that R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each selectedfrom the group consisting of X, OH, and H such that R₁, R₂, and R₃differ from each other; and

wherein the fifth condition is that R₁ is I, R₃, is I, and R₂ isselected from the group consisting of

and

wherein t-Boc stands for tert-Butyloxycarbonyl.

The present invention provides a dual thyrointegrin antagonist,comprising a chemical structure of

-   -   wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl;    -   wherein a group Y is selected from the group consisting of        -   OH,        -   —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ such that n is 3, 4, or 5,

-   -   wherein a group R₅ is

-   -   wherein a group R₆ is

-   -   wherein a group R₇ is

-   -   wherein a group R₈ is

-   -   wherein a group R₉ is

-   -   wherein a group R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of R₅,        R₆, and R₇;    -   wherein a group R₁₁ is selected from the group consisting of R₈        and R₉;    -   wherein a first condition, a second condition, a third        condition, a fourth condition, or a fifth condition is        satisfied;    -   wherein the first condition is that (R₁ is I, R₂ is Y, R₃ is I,        and R₄ is I), (R₁ is Y, R₂ is I, R₃ is I, and R₄ is I), or (R₁        is I, R₂ is I, R₃ is Y, and R₄ is I);    -   wherein the second condition is that (R₁ is i-Pr, R₂ is Y, R₃ is        i-Pr, and R₄ is Br), (R₁ is Y, R₂ is i-Pr, R₃ is i-Pr, and R₄ is        Br), or (R₁ is i-Pr, R₂ is i-Pr, R₃ is Y, and R₄ is Br);    -   wherein the third condition is that R₄ is Br and that R₁, R₂,        and R₃ are each selected from the group consisting of Y, i-Pr,        and R₁₀ such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;    -   wherein the fourth condition is that R₄ is methyl and that R₁,        R₂, and R₃ are each selected from the group consisting of Y,        i-Pr, and R₁₁ such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;    -   wherein the fifth condition is that R₄ is t-butyl and that R₁,        R₂, and R₃ are each selected from the group consisting of Y,        i-Pr, and H such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;    -   wherein i-PR stands for isopropyl.

The present invention advantageously provides a dual thyrointegrinantagonist that does not interfere with thyroid hormone nuclearfunction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color.Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by thePatent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessaryfees.

FIG. 1 depicts a novel compound of the present invention havingcarboxylic acid (COOH) and amino (NH2) ends, along with indicatedcharacteristics of the novel compound.

FIG. 2 depicts a three dimensional view of the compound of FIG. 1, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a crystal structure of αvβ3 integrin RGD cyclic peptidecomplex, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic of the design of novel dual thyrointegrinantagonists showing inter-point distances, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5A depicts binding of ligand to αvβ3 integrin, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5B depicts binding of tetrac to αvβ3 integrin, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5C depicts binding of XT199 to αvβ3 integrin, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5D depicts superimposition of RGDF and XT199, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D outline a linear synthetic pathway for thepreparation of dual Thyrointegrin inhibitors, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C depict molecular modelling of the binding ofThyrointegrin antagonists to the integrin receptor for the dualThyrointegrin inhibitors synthesized in FIG. 6, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 outlines a linear synthetic pathway for the preparation of adeiodinated compound, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Synthetic αvβ₃ antagonist is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis bybinding to the cell surface receptor alphavbeta3 (αvβ₃) integrin [MousaS A, O'Connor L, Davis F B, Davis P J, Pro-angiogenesis action of thethyroid hormone analog 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) isinitiated at the cell surface and is integrin mediated, Endocrinology,2006, 147: 1602-7; Mousa S A, Anti-integrins as a potential therapeutictarget in angiogenesis, Expert Opin Ther Pat. 1999, 9: 1237-48].

The present invention provides a chemical structure serving as dualThyrointegrin antagonist, namely a thyroid hormone antagonist (e.g.,tetrac) and an αvβ₃ antagonist in the same molecule to enhance cellsurface receptor binding, which is a new strategy in which the stereochemical and biological properties are combined to design novel dualthyroid and integrin (Thyrointegrin) antagonists.

A new dual antagonist drug of the present invention provides a compoundhaving a chemical structure that provides an association of a ThyroidReceptors (TR) antagonist (e.g., tetrac) and the common pharmacophoricgroups to alphav/beta3 antagonists.

FIG. 1 depicts a novel compound of the present invention havingcarboxylic acid (COOH) and amino (NH2) ends, along with indicatedcharacteristics of the novel compound.

FIG. 2 depicts a three dimensional view of the compound of FIG. 1, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention. This threedimensional view and the atoms distance were realized and calculatedusing ACD 3D Viewer. The compound in FIG. 2, when drawn planar, has adistance of 11.8 Å between the amino and carboxylic acid ends. In itsnatural crystal form, the compound in FIG. 2 might have its aromaticrings positioned perpendicular to each other, which might even morereduce the inner distance between the two functional groups to promotean activity over the alphavbeta3 target.

Representative thyroid antagonists A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H within thescope of the present invention are as follows:

X=—(CH₂)_(n)—NH₂ (Guanidine, other basic moiety), wherein n=3-6, andwherein the distance between the COOH and NH2 functional group is 10 to12 Angstrom.

In one embodiment, the synthesis of the new dual inhibitor is inaccordance with the following retro-synthetic scheme in which the2-iodophenol and the 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid may both becommercially available:

FIG. 3 depicts a crystal structure of αvβ3 integrin RGD cyclic peptidecomplex (PDB: 1L5G). In FIG. 3, the αv-subunit is in yellow, the β3 Adomain is in purple, and the RGD cyclic peptide is in solid white.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic of the design of novel dual Thyrointegrinantagonists showing inter-point distances. In FIG. 4, thestereo-chemical and biological properties of tetrac (8) and XT199 (9)are combined in the resultant compound (21). The novel compound 21possesses unprecedented anti-angiogenesis activity and the possibilityto interact in the nanomolar concentration range with both the thyroidreceptor TR1 and the integrin α_(v)β₃ which are both configured toparticipate in the angiogenesis process.

Computer-Aided Design of Dual Thyrointegrin Inhibitors

Classical and new molecular modeling approaches using the lock and keymodel to investigate ligand binding to integrin α_(v)β₃ was investigatedin accordance with the present invention. The most commonly used methodsare DOCK and Autodock. These tools can be used to characterizeligand-integrin interactions at the atomic level, as well as definequantitative structure-activity relationships, with somewhat differentoutcomes. Autodock is programmed to allow torsional flexibility inligands to optimize binding, whereas DOCK uses a different algorithm tomatch points located within the binding site and ligand.

In the current study of the present invention, simulated docking of aknown ligand to integrin α_(v)β₃ was performed using FlexX version 3.1.2(BioSolveIT GmbH) which revealed to be a useful tool to analyze theanalogues of tetrac. The active site was defined as all amino acids intheir entirety containing any atom within 15 Å of any atom of the cyclicpeptide ligand. The ligand was then removed, but the three active sitemanganese ions were retained, as they participate in ligand binding. Thereceptor was not further modified, and was treated as rigid during thedocking procedure. FlexX uses incremental construction; thus, eachcompound was first fragmented into components before docking Qualitativeinteractions for the first fragment were identified, after which thecomplete compound was constructed by linking the remaining componentsstep-by-step. After the addition of each component, new interactionswere defined, and the scoring function was used to select the bestpartial solution. This was repeated until reconstruction of the originalligand was complete. Of the 30 different solutions generated by FlexX,the best one was chosen based on FlexX score and position within theactive site.

For the integrin α_(v)β₃ to exert its angiogenesis-mediated disorders,intracellular activation, known to induce conformational changes to theactive state, would allow physiologic ligands to bind. Structural datareported in the literature characterized the binding of the tripeptideArg-Gly-Asp sequence of the natural ligands to occur at the interface ofthe propeller of the α_(v)β₃ and the βA region. Co-crystallizationstudies justified that this binding site was the only part of theprotein to come under the influence of any ligand.

With the present invention, small conformational changes andcoordination of one of the metal ions were induced at the time of thebinding. The tripeptide sequence, tetrac and XT199 were docked toobserve the ligand-receptor interactions with precision and tounderstand how to modulate tetrac to enhance its fit in the bindingsite. Docking of all compounds to integrin α_(v)β₃ was performed byFlexX version 3.1.2 (BioSolvelT GmbH). The 3D structure of the receptorwas taken from the crystal structure of the extracellular segment ofintegrin α_(v)β₃ in complex with a cyclic peptide ligand, available inthe Protein DataBase (1L5G). The active site was defined as all completeamino acids containing any atom within 15 Å of any atom of the cyclicpeptide ligand. The ligand was then removed, but the 3 manganese ionswere kept in the active site as they were taking part of the binding ofthe ligand. The receptor was not further modified and treated rigidduring the docking procedure. As FlexX use incremental construction,each compound to dock was first fragmented into components. Once thefirst fragment has found qualitative interactions, the complete compoundis constructed by linking the remaining components step by step. Afteradding one component, new interactions are searched and the scoringfunction is used to select the best partial solutions, until completereconstruction of the original ligand. From the 30 different solutionsgiven by FlexX, the best solution was chosen according to its FlexXScore and its pose within the active site.

The cyclic tripeptide occupied the shallow crevice between the propellerand the βA units in the integrin head with the Arg and Asp residuesexclusively contacting the propeller and βA domains, respectively (Aspchelated the metal ion at a distance of 2.6 Å). Following this method,the docked tripeptide sequence was consistent with known molecularmodelling of the high affinity ligand. Tetrac and XT199 were alsomodelled with the integrin. Very detailed magnified pictures allowedcharacterizing all potential interactions of each molecule with theintegrin. For each compound docked, the carboxylic acid proved to beresponsible for the main ligand receptor interaction by chelating themetal ion (d=2.6 Å from the metal ion), reported to take place on theactivated integrin only. In that region, the phenyl sulphonamideramification of XT199 stabilized the chelation by an interaction withthe Arg 214. The interaction of tetrac with the metal ion was stabilizedby an electrostatic interaction with the vicinal Asn 215 and a clearH-bond interaction of the OH of the phenol with Tyr 178. XT199 was theonly one to interact with the Arg recognition site in the propellerdomain of α_(v)β₃; the imidazole amine found a best fit between Asp 150and Asp 218. Moreover, the superposition of the structures of theintegrin antagonist with the tripeptide clearly showed an exact samespatial orientation.

To shift the antagonist strength of tetrac upwards, its templatestructure was modified to reach anchorage in the integrin binding sitedue to an alkyl chain carrying at least an amino group. In order to doso, several nanomolar non peptide integrin antagonists were considered(from works reported by several pharmaceutical companies) in addition toXT199. This led to design novel structures of compounds, some dualthyrointegrin antagonists. Add-ons to the structure of tetrac wereselected in priority for the interaction with the Arg recognition sitein the propeller domain they could bring. Also it was attempted tosatisfy the desired distance between the carboxylic acid and the aminogroup, which should have been the same distance as the distance betweenthe same groups in XT199. The selected functional groups were an aminopyridine, a guanidine, a urea and an amine.

Molecular modeling and co-crystallization studies have been carried outin accordance with the present invention to refine the bindinginteractions of natural ligands to integrin α_(v)β₃ at the atomic level.These types of analyses have shown that the interface of the propellerof the α_(v)β3 subunit and the βA region (the head of the protein) isthe only portion of the receptor that participates in binding to ligand.

FIG. 5A depicts binding of ligand to αvβ3 integrin, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. The blue ball represents themanganese ion and yellow dotted lines illustrate H-bond interactions.

FIG. 5B depicts binding of tetrac to αvβ3 integrin, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. The blue ball represents themanganese ion and yellow dotted lines illustrate H-bond interactions.Tetrac (green) is bound at the interface of the αvβ3 integrin αv-subunit(yellow) and β3A domain (purple).

FIG. 5C depicts binding of XT199 to αvβ3 integrin, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. The blue ball represents themanganese ion and yellow dotted lines illustrate H-bond interactions.XT199 (green) is bound at the interface of the αvβ3 integrin αv-subunit(yellow) and β3A domain (purple).

FIG. 5D depicts superimposition of RGDF and XT199 denotingsuperimposition of the binding orientations of RGDF (white) and XT199(green), in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Analysis of the integrin receptor co-crystallized with a cyclictripeptide ligand provides valuable insight into this ligand-receptorinteraction (FIG. 5A). The cyclic tripeptide occupies a shallow crevicebetween the propeller and the βA units in the integrin head, with theArg and Asp residues exclusively contacting the propeller and βAdomains, respectively (Asp chelates the metal ion at a distance of 2.6Å). These interactions with the cyclic tripeptide were used to model thedocking of tetrac (FIG. 5B) and XT199 (FIG. 5C) to integrin α_(v)β₃.Detailed high resolution images enabled characterization of allpotential interactions of each molecule with the integrin receptor. Foreach compound, the carboxylic acid moiety was mainly responsible for theligand-receptor interaction, and was involved in the binding of a metalion (2.6 Å from the metal ion) that occurs only in the active state ofthe integrin receptor. For XT199, the phenyl sulfonamide moietystabilized this metal binding by interacting with Arg 214. Theinteraction of tetrac with the metal ion was stabilized by anelectrostatic interaction between vicinal Asn 215 and clear H-bondingbetween the OH of the phenol group and Tyr 178. XT199 was the onlycompound that interacted with the Arg recognition site in the propellerdomain of α_(v)β₃, and the imidazolyl amino group found a best fitbetween Asp 150 and Asp 218. Superimposition of the structures of XT199and the cyclic tripeptide ligand showed that the spatial orientation ofthe entire XT199 molecule was nearly identical to the structure of theArg-Gly-Asp peptide (FIG. 5D).

To enhance the strength of tetrac as an integrin α_(v)β₃ antagonist, thestructure was modified to achieve binding to the integrin binding sitethrough both the propeller and the βA domains. Several non-peptideintegrin antagonists that function in the nanomolar range wereconsidered, based on reports from several pharmaceutical companies[Mousa S A, Alpha v Vitronectin receptors in vascular-mediateddisorders, Med Res Rev. 2003; 23: 190-9; Kerr J S, Slee A M, Mousa S A,The alpha v integrin antagonists as novel anticancer agents: an update.Expert. Opin. Investig, Drugs, 2002; 11: 1765-74], in addition to XT199.The functional groups of interest were an amino pyridine, a guanidine, aurea group and an amine [Henry C, Moitessier N, Chapleur Y, Vitronectinreceptor α_(v)β₃ integrin antagonists: chemical and structuralrequirements for activity and selectivity, Mini Rev Med. Chem. 2002; 2:531-42].

The result was a novel dual Thyrointegrin antagonist (see FIG. 6,described infra). The groups that were added to the structure of tetracwere selected based on their ability to interact with the Argrecognition site in the propeller domain of integrin α_(v)β₃. Inaddition, the distance between the carboxylic acid and the amino groupof XT199 impacts activity, so molecules were designed such that thisdistance was as close to that of XT199 as possible. The length betweenthe amino and the carboxylic acid groups was therefore in harmony withthe average interpoint distance defined in blue and red on the threepoint pharmacophore pattern. Optimization of these dual antagonists hasbeen pursued. Deiodinated Thyrointegrin antagonists with much lower MWvalue (e.g., MW<500 Da) have been designed as a better alternative tothe first analogues.

Preparation of Dual Thyrointegrin Inhibitors

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D (collectively, “FIG. 6”) outline a linearsynthetic pathway for the preparation of dual Thyrointegrin inhibitors(chemical structures 21, 22 and 23), in accordance with embodiments ofthe present invention. The sequential pathway is depicted in FIG. 6 inthe sequential order of FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D. Sufficient quantitiesof tetrac for subsequent modification were generated through a synthesisapproach that involved arylation, catalytic reduction, tetrazotization,iodination, esterification, alkylation and hydrolysis. The appropriatestarting material, compound 14 in FIG. 6 was prepared by convertingcommercially available p-hydroxy phenylacetic acid into a dinitro esterin two steps. Nitration followed by acid catalyzed esterificationresulted in the desired compound with a 72% yield. Despite the fact thatthe hydroxyl was prone to oxidation, nitration occurred in a dilutesolution of HNO₃ in AcOH with minimal side reaction, in comparison toclassic nitration in H₂SO₄.

A toluene para-sulfonyl derivative of compound 14 was transformed withmethoxyphenol in pyridine to give the diphenylether (compound 15) at 75%yield. Catalytic reduction of the nitro groups was carried outquantitatively in ethanol in order to allow the diamino derivative(compound 16) to be tetrazotized at 0° C. The resulting tetrazolium saltwas reacted with sodium iodide to give the 3,5-diiodo compound in goodyield (compound 17). Due to difficulties with hydrolysis, completeacidolysis of the ester was done under reflux using hydriodic acid (HI)as a strong cleaving agent, which removed both the ester and theO-methyl groups. Acetic acid was added to this reaction instead of H₂SO₄to avoid decomposition of HI into I₂. Tetrac (compound 8) was thenobtained by two displacements of a proton from the aromatic nucleus ofthe di-iodoacid (compound 18) by an iodide. In that reaction, theiodo-deprotonation was carried out using I₂ in methanolic NH₃ in 91%yield. Of note, complete acidolysis of compound 17 revealed someadvantage; thereafter aminolysis of the ethyl ester and formation of anamide during the iodination reaction was avoided. Also, selectiveiodination on the outer ring benefited from the transformation of themethyl ether group into an alcohol. This was done to allow activation ofthe ortho position by oxygen through inductive and resonance effects.

Acid catalysis of tetrac in MeOH was required to obtain the finalThyrointegrin antagonists (compounds 21, 22 and 23), wherein Me denotesmethyl. Thus, tetrac was esterified by acid catalysis in MeOH in 60%yield. The resulting molecule (compound 19) was substituted by atwo-carbon polymethylenic chain, and then this intermediate (compound20) was substituted using guanidine and urea to yield compounds 21 and22, respectively. Despite the presence in ortho of high radius iodoatoms, the alkylation of the OH group of compound 19 occurredquantitatively with 1-bromo-2-chloroethane under mild conditions.Compound 20 was then reacted with an excess of guanidine afterpreliminary deprotonation of guanidinium chloride with NaH 60% to givecompound 21 (50% yield). Compound 20 was reacted with urea in ananhydrous solution of sodium hydroxide to give compound 22 (50% yield).Other attempts to substitute the chloride of compound 20, for example byusing 2-aminopyridine, ammonia or dilute ammonia in an alcohol solution,were unsuccessful. Direct substitution of the OH of the phenol ofcompound 19 with chloroethylamine and other substrates containing anamine with longer polymethylene chains was also unsuccessful. Compound23, the only compound with a single amino group, was obtained with ayield of 47% after refluxing compound 19 with chloropropylaminehydrochloride in an environmentally-friendly solvent, cyclopentyl methylether. Finally, isolated 21, 22 and 23 were hydrolyzed using an excessof aqueous LiOH (compounds 21 and 22) or aqueous NaOH (compound 23).

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C depict molecular modelling of the binding ofThyrointegrin antagonists to the integrin receptor for the dualThyrointegrin inhibitors synthesized in FIG. 6, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. Compound 21 (FIG. 5A), compound 22(FIG. 5B), and compound 23 (FIG. 5C), all in green, are bound at theinterface of the αvβ3 integrin αv-subunit (yellow) and βA domain(purple). The blue ball represents the manganese ion and yellow dottedlines illustrate H-bond interactions.

FIG. 8 outlines a linear synthetic pathway intended for the preparationof a deiodinated compound having a molecule with the same distancebetween the carboxylic and amino groups as that of XT199, in accordancewith embodiments of the present invention. The critical step in thesynthesis (FIG. 4) was the condensation of starting materials 26 and 28.Compound 28 was obtained quantitatively by thionyl chloride catalyzedesterification of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (compound 27).The intent was to couple the compounds after the formation of the bisaryliodonium triflate (compound 26) prepared following the method ofYokoyama et al. [Yokoyama N, Walker G N, Main A J, Stanton J L,Morrissey MM, Boehm C, Engle A, Neubert A D, Wasvary J M, Stephan Z F,Steele R E, Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of oxamicacid and acetic acid derivatives related to L-thyronine, J Med. Chem.1995; 38: 695-707]. However, upon treatment with tetrafluoroborate salt,instead of a precipitate, only an unusable red solution in the flask wasobtained.

Chemical Structures

In one embodiment, the dual thyrointegrin antagonist of the presentinvention is a compound having the chemical structure depicted in FIG.1.

In one embodiment, the dual thyrointegrin antagonist of the presentinvention is a compound having the following chemical structure 41:

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 41, R₁ is iodine, hydrogen,hydroxy, or aminoalkyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 41, R₂ is iodine, hydrogen,hydroxyl and aminoalkyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms; t-Bocaminoalkyloxyl, aminoalkyloxyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, includingfree base or corresponding HCl salt; N-(3-pyrridin-methyl) aminoalkyloxyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, including free base orcorresponding HCl salt; thiomorpholin-yl alkyloxyl containing 3 to 5carbon atoms, including free base or corresponding HCl salt;diethylaminoalkyloxyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, including freebase or corresponding HCl salt; or 1,2-dimethylpropylaminoalkyloxylcontaining 3 to 5 carbon atoms, including free base or corresponding HClsalt.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 41, R₃ is iodine, hydrogen,hydroxyl, or aminoalkyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 41, R is hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, etc. as a prodrug.

In one embodiment, the chemical structure 41 has the followingcharacteristics:

-   -   R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl,        ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl;        -   wherein a group X is —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ such that n is 3, 4, or            5;        -   wherein a first condition, a second condition, a third            condition, a fourth condition, or a fifth condition is            satisfied;        -   wherein the first condition is that (R₁ is X, R₂ is I, and            R₃ is I), (R₁ is I, R₂ is X, and R₃ is I), or (R₁ is I, R₂            is I, and R₃ is X);        -   wherein the second condition is that R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each            selected from the group consisting of X, H, and I such that            R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;        -   wherein the third condition is that R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each            selected from the group consisting of X, OH, and I such that            R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;        -   wherein the fourth condition is that R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each            selected from the group consisting of X, OH, and H such that            R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other; and        -   wherein the fifth condition is that R₁ is I, R₃, is I, and            R₂ is selected from the group consisting of

-   -    and    -   wherein t-Boc stands for tert-Butyloxycarbonyl.

Various combinations of R, R₁, R₂, and R₃ for the chemical structure 41are presented in the table depicted in Appendix A.

In one embodiment, the dual thyrointegrin antagonist of the presentinvention is a compound having the following chemical structure 42:

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 42, R is methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, etc as a prodrug.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 42, R₁ is iodine; hydroxyl;aminoalkyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms; guanidineylethyl;ureaylethyl; hydroxyaminoethyl; isopropyl; 2-pyridinylethenyl;3-pyridinylethenyl; or 4-pyridinylethenyl.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 42, R₂ is iodine; hydroxyl;aminoalkyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms; guanidineylethyl;ureaylethyl; hydroxyaminoethyl; isopropyl; 2-pyridinylethenyl;3-pyridinylethenyl; or 4-pyridinylethenyl.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 42, R₃ is iodine; hydroxyl;aminoalkyl containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms; guanidineylethyl;ureaylethyl; hydroxyaminoethyl; isopropyl; 2-pyridinylethenyl;3-pyridinylethenyl; or 4-pyridinylethenyl.

In one embodiment for the chemical structure 42, R₄ is iodine, bromine,methyl, t-butyl, etc.

In one embodiment, the chemical structure 42 has the followingcharacteristics:

-   -   wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl;    -   wherein a group Y is selected from the group consisting of        -   OH,        -   —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ such that n is 3, 4, or 5,

-   -   wherein a group R₅ is

-   -   wherein a group R₆ is

-   -   wherein a group R₇ is

-   -   wherein a group R₈ is

-   -   wherein a group R₉ is

-   -   wherein a group R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of R₅,        R₆, and R₇;    -   wherein a group R₁₁ is selected from the group consisting of R₈        and R₉;    -   wherein a first condition, a second condition, a third        condition, a fourth condition, or a fifth condition is        satisfied;    -   wherein the first condition is that (R₁ is I, R₂ is Y, R₃ is I,        and R₄ is I), (R₁ is Y, R₂ is I, R₃ is I, and R₄ is I), or (R₁        is I, R₂ is I, R₃ is Y, and R₄ is I);    -   wherein the second condition is that (R₁ is i-Pr, R₂ is Y, R₃ is        i-Pr, and R₄ is Br), (R₁ is Y, R₂ is i-Pr, R₃ is i-Pr, and R₄ is        Br), or (R₁ is i-Pr, R₂ is i-Pr, R₃ is Y, and R₄ is Br);    -   wherein the third condition is that R₄ is Br and that R₁, R₂,        and R₃ are each selected from the group consisting of Y, i-Pr,        and R₁₀ such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;    -   wherein the fourth condition is that R₄ is methyl and that R₁,        R₂, and R₃ are each selected from the group consisting of Y,        i-Pr, and R₁₁ such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;    -   wherein the fifth condition is that R₄ is t-butyl and that R₁,        R₂, and R₃ are each selected from the group consisting of Y,        i-Pr, and H such that R₁, R₂, and R₃ differ from each other;    -   wherein i-PR stands for isopropyl.

Various combinations of R, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ for the chemical structure42 are presented in the table depicted in Appendix B.

Biological Evaluation: Angiogenesis in the Cam Model

To investigate the structure-activity relationships of novel dualThyrointegrin inhibitors of the present invention, the effect of eachcompound on angiogenesis-induced by the growth factor basic fibroblastgrowth factor (FGF) was assessed in the CAM model as depicted in Table1.

TABLE 1 Inhibition of angiogenesis by novel dual thyrointegrinantagonists in CAM model Treatment Mean % inhibition FGF + XT-199 (5μg/ml) 86 ± 09 FGF + Tetrac (10 μg/ml) 85 ± 11 FGF + 21 (0.25 μg/ml) 75± 10 FGF + 22 (0.25 μg/ml) 74 ± 13 FGF + 23 (0.25 μg/ml) 88 ± 11 FGF +29 (0.25 μg/ml) 83 ± 08

The data in Table 1 represents a mean±standard deviation (SD), n=8 ascompared to FGF alone (p<0.001; 10 μl from the different test compoundswere added to the FGF impregnated sterile filter).

EXAMPLE Angiogenesis in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

The CAM system is a widely-used model in which the chick embryonicmembrane is exposed to stimulatory and inhibitory compounds. Ten day-oldfertilized chicken eggs (Sunrise Farms Inc, Catskill, N.Y.) wereincubated at 37° C. and 55% relative humidity. In the dark, with thehelp of a candling lamp, a small hole was punctured in the area of theshell covering the air sac using a hypodermic needle. A second hole waspunctured on the wider side of the egg above an avascular area of theembryonic membrane. An artificial air sac was created below the secondhole by gently applying a vacuum to the first hole using a small rubbersqueeze bulb. The vacuum caused the separation of the CAM from theshell. A window of approximately 1.0 cm² was cut in the shell over thedropped CAM with the use of a mini drill. The underlying CAM wasaccessed through this small window. Filter disks were punched fromfilter paper #1 (Whatman International, Ltd, United Kingdom), and thensoaked in 3.0 mg/mL cortisone acetate solution (in 95% ethanol) andair-dried under sterile conditions. To induce angiogenesis, sterilefilter disks were saturated with FGF and placed on the CAM using sterileforceps. As a control, disks were saturated with PBS without calcium ormagnesium. The window was sealed with Highland Brand transparent tape.After 1 hour, 10 μL of inhibitor were applied topically to theFGF-stimulated CAM. After 48 hours, CAM tissue directly beneath thefilter disk was harvested and placed in a 35-mm petri dish forevaluation of angiogenesis. Eight eggs were used per treatment.

Digital Imaging and analysis: CAMs in petri dishes were examined using aSV6 stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss Microlmaging, Inc) at 50×magnification. Digital images were captured using a 3-CCD color videocamera system (Toshiba America, Inc, New York, N.Y.). The images wereanalyzed using Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, Inc). The number ofbranch points within a circular region superimposed on the area of thefilter disk was counted for each treatment condition.

All compounds exhibited strong in vivo anti-angiogenic activity, with anaverage of 63-75% inhibition even at low doses (Table 2) as compared toknow potent αvβ3 antagonist, XT199 (Table 1).

TABLE 2 Anti-angiogenesis efficacy of additional thyrointegrinantagonists in CAM model Thyrointegrin Antagonists Compounds Mean % Mean% Inhibition of Inhibition of Code MF Angiogenesis Structure* αvβ3Binding 30 C₂₂H₂₃I₄NO₆ 75 ± 07

66 ± 8  31 C₁₈H₁₈ClI₄NO₄ 0.0 ± 0.0

0.0 ± 0.0 32 C₁₇H₁₆ClI₄NO₄  88 ± 08**

 100 ± 00** 33 C₂₄H₂₄C_(l2)I₄N₂O₄ 0.0 ± 0.0

0.0 ± 0.0 34 C₂₃H₂₂Cl₂I₄N₂O₄  95 ± 11**

 68 ± 07** 35 C₂₂H₂₃I₄NO4S 0.0 ± 0.0

0.0 ± 0.0 36 C₂₁H₂1I₄NO₄S  89 ± 10**

 93 ± 08** 37 C₂₂H₂₅I₄NO₄ 0.0 ± 0.0  83 ± 06**

1.0 ± 0.0  100 ± 00** *Structure modifications with either Tetra iodo(Tetrac analogues) or Tri-iodo (Triac analogues); 10 μl from thedifferent test compounds at 0.25 mg/ml were added to the FGF impregnatedsterile filter; Anti-avb3 (Inhibition of αvβ3-medited binding in aspecific cell adhesion assay at 100 nM. **Anti-angiogenesis andanti-αvβ3 binding post-ester hydrolysis to make the free acid

These results provided an important foundation for further experimentson the effects of these novel antagonists. To that end, FlexX was usedto model putative ligand-receptor interactions of the three novel dualThyrointegrin antagonists with integrin α_(v)β₃ (FIGS. 7A-C). Theinteractions predicted by FlexX have kept with the strict requirementsdefined in the pattern of α_(v)β₃ antagonists. First, both guadinidiumand its bioisostere urea have interacted with Asp218 (on α_(v)). Due tothe longer linker chain, the amino group of compound 23 has interactedwith Asp150, located deeper in α_(v). Second, the acetic acid end of allcompounds has fitted in the same short narrow pocket filled by themanganese ion as tetrac did. These pictures compelled consideration ofdeeper the investigation of the deiodinated dual antagonists with othermethods which have shown to reflect the situation in the whole organism;e.g., the crosstalk interaction between the integrin α_(v)β₃ and theTRs.

EXAMPLES Chemistry

All commercially available chemicals were used without furtherpurification. All solvents were dried, and moisture-sensitive reactionswere performed under dry nitrogen. Analytical TLC was performed onpre-coated Kieselgel 60F₂₅₄ plates (Merck). Analytical RPTLC wasperformed on pre-coated Kieselgel plates (Merck). Compounds werevisualized by UV and/or with iodine. Column chromatography was performedwith silica gel Kieselgel Si 60, 0.040-0.063 mm (Merck). Melting pointswere determined on an Electro thermal MEL-TEMP melting point apparatusand then on a Thomas Hoover Uni-melt capillary melting point apparatusand were not corrected. The structures of all compounds were supportedby infrared spectra recorded on a Thermo Electron Nicolet Avatar 330FT-IR apparatus. UV spectra were obtained from a Shimadzu UV-1650 (PC)UV-vis spectrophotometer. ¹H NMR data were obtained using a Varian Inova500 MHz spectrometer and referenced to CDCl₃ (δ=7.27 ppm) or DMSO-d6(δ=2.50 ppm). High Resolution Mass Spectral analyses were obtained oneither Applied Biosystems API4000 LC/MS/MS or Applied Biosystems QSTARXL mass spectrometers. ¹H NMR chemical shifts were reported in ppmdownfield from tetramethylsilane, J values were in Hertz and thesplitting patterns were designated as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet;dd, doublet of doublets; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; b, broad.HPLC experiments were carried out at a flow rate of 1.1 mL·minute⁻¹ witha Waters 2695 HPLC apparatus (120 vials) and a Phenomenex Luna® 5 u NH₂100 A or a Waters μBondapak® C18 10 μm 125 A column operated at 40° C.and atmospheric pressure with UV detection between 210 and 400 nm.Refractive index was measured with an Abbe 3L Refractometer withbromonaphtalene as the contact liquid. Combustion analyses wereperformed by Intertek, Inc, Whitehouse, N.J. The yields quoted in thispaper were re-crystallization yields.

[4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetic acid (8)

The title compound was prepared as described by Wilkinson J H Synthesisof some Possible Metabolites of Thyroxin and Triiodothyronine Biochem J.1956 August; 63(4):601-605.

Methyl [4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetate (19)

[4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetic acid (5.0 g,6.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in 200 mL of dried MeOH. Thenthionyl chloride (485 μL, 6.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was added drop wise. Thereaction was set to reflux for 2 days. Water was then added to thereaction medium (200 mL) and then the solution was concentrated. Theprecipitated product was collected by filtration and then the aqueousphase analyzed by TLC but showed to contain no product. The solid wasthen re-crystallized in EtOH, filtered and washed with cold EtOH beforebeing dried under vacuum.

Yield: Quantitative, white powder; recrystallization solvent: EtOH; TLC:0.81 (DCM); RPTLC: 0.49 (AcOH/H₂O 90/10); mp=163° C.; IR (ν cm⁻¹): 1719;UV (DMSO): λ_(max) nm=225; HPLC (μBondapak C18): rt=3.2 minutes(MeOH/H₂O 65/35); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.78 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.12 (s,2H, ArH), 5.53 (br, 1H, OH), 3.75 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.58 (s, 2H, CH₂); ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 152.8, 150.2, 149.6, 142.3, 135.2, 126.9, 125.3,91.0, 81.9, 52.3, 39.3.

Methyl {4-[4-(2-chloroethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}acetate(20)

Methyl [4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetate (2.4 g,3.2 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in anhydrous acetone, cesium carbonatewas then added (522 mg, 1.6 mmol, 0.5 equiv.) and then1-bromo-2-chloroethane (275 μL, 3.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was added dropwise. After stirring for 3 days at room temperature (r.t.), the mediumwas filtered over Celite and the residue was evaporated to give a yellowpowder.

Yield: Quantitative, white powder; recrystallization solvent: EtOH; TLC:0.76 (DCM); mp=119° C.; IR (ν cm⁻¹): 1732; UV (DMSO): λ_(max) nm=256;HPLC (μBondapak C18): rt=4.7 minutes (MeOH/H₂O 70/30); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 7.75 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.15 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.19 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H,CH₂), 3.91 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 3.72 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.55 (s, 2H, CH₂);HRMS (APCI) m/z: 823.6 [(M)⁺, 100]; Analytical (C₁₇H₁₃ClI₄O₄) C: calcd,24.77. found, 24.98, H: calcd, 1.59. found, 1.52.

Lithium[4-(4-{2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]ethoxy}-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetate(21)

To a solution of methyl{4-[4-(2-chloroethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}acetate (200mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was added drop wise amixture of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 19 mg, 0.5mmol, 2.0 equiv.) and guanidine hydrochloride (45.8 mg, 0.5 mmol, 2.0equiv.) in DMF (5 mL). After stirring for 1 day at r.t., the medium washydrolyzed with a solution of LiOH (115 mg, 4.9 mmol, 20.0 equiv.). Theprecipitate was then filtered from hot EtOH.

Yield: 50%, white powder; TLC: 0.12 (EtOH); mp=133° C.; IR (ν cm⁻¹):1736; UV (DMSO): λ_(max) nm=256; HPLC (μBondapak C18): rt=6.06 minutes(MeOH/H₂O 65/35); ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ (ppm): 7.88 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.19 (s,2H, ArH), 4.20 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 3.91 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 3.45(s, 2H, CH₂); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 206.9, 171.5, 153.2, 152.7,151.8, 141.5, 136.7, 126.0, 92.0, 91.8, 72.9, 52.3, 43.8, 38.1; HRMS(APCI) m/z: 841.7 [(M+3H+Li)⁺, 100].

(4-{4-[2-(Carbamoylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodophenoxy}-3,5-diiodophenyl)aceticacid(22)

To a solution of methyl{4-[4-(2-chloroethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}acetate (1.5g, 1.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was added drop wise amixture of sodium hydroxide (285 mg, 7.1 mmol, 4.0 equiv.) and urea (107mg, 1.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL). After stirring for 1day at r.t., the medium was hydrolyzed with a solution of LiOH (504 mg,21.0 mmol, 12.0 equiv.). The precipitate was then filtered from hotEtOH.

Yield: 50%, light brown powder; TLC: 0.77 (DCM); RPTLC: 0.5 (AcOH);mp=267° C.; IR (ν cm⁻¹): 1735; UV (DMSO): λ_(max) nm=256; HPLC(μBondapak C18): rt=3.85 minutes (MeOH/H₂O 60/40); ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ(ppm): 7.88 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.19 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.19 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H,CH₂), 3.95 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 3.45 (s, 2H, CH₂); HRMS (APCI) m/z:832.6 [(M)⁺, 100], 834.6 [(M+H)⁺, 34]; Analytical (C₁₇H₁₄I₄N₂O₅) C:calcd, 24.48. found, 24.57; H: calcd, 1.69. found, 1.59.

{4-[4-(3-aminopropoxy)-3,5-diiodophenoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}acetic acid(23)

Methyl{4-[4-(2-chloroethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}acetate (2.5g, 3.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in cyclopentyl methyl ether thentriethylamine (460 μL, 3.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was added together withchloropropylamine (427 mg, 3.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv.). After refluxing thereaction medium for 3 hrs, the solvent was evaporated and water wasadded to the residue to which was added LiOH solution (1.6 g, 66.0 mmol,20.0 equiv.). The obtained powder was filtered and washed by hot MeCNand then by hot EtOH.

The product was characterized after filtration and drying.

Then to test the compound in a biological assay, water was added to theobtained salt (5 mL) and a solution of HCl 0.1 N (5.0 mL) was added dropwise, after filtration, the product was obtained as a white powder (668mg). NaOH 1.0 N (280 mg, 6.6 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) was then added drop bydrop to the powder and the product was filtered again and thenre-crystallised in EtOH.

Yield: 47%, white powder; mp>250° C.; IR (ν cm⁻¹): 1697; UV (DMSO):λ_(max) nm=259; HPLC (μBondapak C18): rt=17.5 minutes (Ammonium acetate25 mM pH4/MeOH 50/50); ¹H NMR (Acetone-d6) δ (ppm): 7.99 (s, 2H, ArH),7.30 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.27 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 3.95 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H,CH₂), 3.75 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.57 (q, J=14.0 Hz, J=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH₂); HRMS(APCI) m/z: 832.6 [(M−2H+ Li+Na)⁺, 100]; HRMS (APCI) m/z: 764.7[(M−COOH+Li)⁻, 100]; Analytical (C₁₇H₁₄I₄LiNO₄) C: calcd, 25.18. found,24.87; H: calcd, 1.74. found, 1.53.

2-isopropyl anisole (25)

The title compound was prepared with minor variations from the protocoldescribed by Baxter, J., Goede, P., Apriletti, J., et al. (2002).Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of a Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR)Antagonist. Endocrinology, 143 (2), 517-524.

Yield: 60%, yellow oil; TLC: 0.65 (cyclohexane/EtOAc (95/5)); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.32-7.30 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, J=2.5 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.27-7.23(dt, J=9.5 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.04-7.01 (dt, J=7.5 Hz, J=1.0 Hz,1H, ArH), 6.94-6.92 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, J=1.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 3.90 (s, 3H,CH₃), 3.47-3.41 (m, 1H, CH), 1.30 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.20 (s, 3H, CH₃);n_([D]) ²⁰: 1.5069.

{4-[4-(3-aminopropoxy)-3,5-diiodophenoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}acetic acid(26)

The title compound was prepared as described by Yokoyama N, Walker G N,Main A J, Stanton J L, Morrissey MM, Boehm C, Engle A, Neubert A D,Wasvary J M, Stephan Z F, Steele R E. Synthesis and structure-activityrelationships of oxamic acid and acetic acid derivatives related toL-thyronine. J Med. Chem. 1995; 38: 695-707.

methyl (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate (28)

15.0 g (56.7 mmol) of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid weredissolved in 100 mL of dried MeOH. Then thionyl chloride (4.11 mL; 56.7mmol) was added drop wise. The reaction was set to reflux for 5 days.Water was then added to the reaction medium (200 mL) and then thesolution was concentrated. The precipitated product (≈20 g) wascollected by filtration and then the aqueous phase was extracted 3 timesby EtOAc. The organic phases were collected and then dried over MgSO₄.The solid was then re-crystallized in EtOH, filtered and washed withcold EtOH.

Yield: quantitative, clear crystals; mp: 88° C.; TLC: 0.81 (DCM); RPTLC:0.78 (AcOH); IR (ν cm⁻¹): 1722; UV (DMSO): λ_(max) nm=276; HPLC(μBondapak C18): rt=4.0 minutes (MeOH/H₂O 65/35); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 7.14 (s, 2H, ArH), 3.75 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.60 (s, 2H, CH₂), 1.50 (s,18H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm172.9, 153.2, 136.2, 126.9, 125.3,124.9, 53.3, 51.7, 51.0, 41.2, 40.1, 34.5, 32.4, 31.2, 29.9, 28.5;Analytical (C₁₇H₂₆O₃) C: calcd, 73.34. found, 73.39; H: calcd, 9.41.found, 9.27.

EXAMPLE Mouse Matrigel Model of Angiogenesis

Matrigel Study: Normal male mice (C57BL/6NCr) 6-8 weeks of age andweighing ˜20 g were purchased from Taconic Farms, Inc. Animals werehoused 4 per cage, in controlled conditions of temperature (20-24° C.);humidity (60-70%) and 12 hrs light/dark cycle provided with food andwater ad libitum. All experimental protocols were approved by theInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the VA hospital ofAlbany. Mice were allowed to acclimate to the conditions for 5 daysprior to the start of treatments. Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San JoseCalif.) was thawed overnight at 4° C. and placed on ice. Aliquots ofmatrigel were placed into cold polypropylene tubes to prevent thematrigel from solidifying, and the angiogenesis promoter was added tothe matrigel with or without an agonist. Matrigel plugs weresubcutaneously injected as a triple injection in each animal at 100μL/animal. At day 14 post plug implant, all animals were sacrificed in aCO₂ chamber, and matrigel plugs were collected. Plug hemoglobin contentwas analyzed from three implants per mouse (n=6 per group) to measureangiogenesis.

Hemoglobin determination of angiogenesis in matrigel plugs: the matrigelplugs dissected from the mouse were carefully stripped of any remainingperitoneum. The plugs were placed into a 0.5 mL tube of ddH₂O andhomogenized for 5-10 min. The samples were spun at 4,000 rpm in acentrifuge for 10 min, and the supernatants were collected forhemoglobin measurement. 50 μL of supernatant were mixed with 50 μLDrabkin's reagent and allowed to sit at room temperature for 15-30 min,at which point 100 μL of this mixture were placed in a 96-well plate.Absorbance was measured with a Microplate Manager ELISA reader at 540nm. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined by comparison with astandard curve in mg/mL. Hemoglobin concentration is a reflection of thenumber of blood vessels in the plugs.

In summary, newly designed dual Thyrointegrin antagonists weresynthesized. Based on the structures of several potentialanti-angiogenesis compounds, a new docking method was used to designnovel dual Thyrointegrin antagonists that interact with integrin αvβ₃and the thyroid receptors. Compounds were synthesized in a costeffective manner and exhibited strong inhibition of FGF-stimulatedangiogenesis at low doses. The target of each compound was supported bymodelling the fit of these compounds with the integrin α_(v)β₃receptors.

Dual thyrointegrin antagonists would have significant implications invarious pathological angiogenesis-mediated disorders affecting an animal(e.g., a human being, a mammal, a non-human species of animal) suchcancer, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammatorydisorders, and atherothrombotic disorders. The dual thyrointegrinantagonists block both thyroid and integrin receptors and can also beused in disorders associated with hyperthyroidism. Accordingly, thepresent invention provides a method of treating an angiogenesis-mediateddisorder and/or a disorder associated with hyperthyroidism of an animalby introducing the dual thyrointegrin antagonist of the presentinvention into the animal.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed herein for purposes of illustration, many modifications andchanges will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly,the appended claims are intended to encompass all such modifications andchanges as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

APPENDIX A TABLE OF EMBODIMENTS FOR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 41 R₁* R₂* R₃*R** I —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I H I —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H H H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I H H—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ OH H OH —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H H OH —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I H I—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ OH H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H I H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I H H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂I I H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I OH H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ OH I H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ OH H H—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H OH H I H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H H I —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H I I—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H OH I —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H I OH —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H H OH—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H OH H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H I t-BocNCH₂CH₂CH₂O—*** I H I HClNH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O— I methyl I HCl NH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O— I H I

I methyl I

I H I

I methyl I

I H I

I methyl I

I H I

I methyl I

I H *n = 3, 4, or 5 in (CH₂)_(n) **generally, R may be hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, etc for use as a prodrug ***T-Boc stands fortert-Butyloxycarbonyl

APPENDIX B TABLE OF EMBODIMENTS FOR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 42 R** R₁* R₂*R₃* R₄*** H I OH I I H I —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I I H I

I I H I

I I H I

I I H OH I I I H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I I I H

I I I H

I I I H

I I I H I I OH I H I I —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ I H I I

I H I I

I H I I

I H i-Pr OH i-Pr Br H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr Br H i-Pr

i-Pr Br H i-Pr

i-Pr Br H i-Pr

i-Pr Br H OH i-Pr i-Pr Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr i-Pr Br H

i-Pr i-Pr Br H

i-Pr i-Pr Br H

i-Pr i-Pr Br H H i-Pr i-Pr OH Br H i-Pr i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H i-Pri-Pr

Br H i-Pr i-Pr

Br H i-Pr i-Pr

Br H

OH i-Pr Br H

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr OH Br H

i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H OH

i-Pr Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H OH i-Pr

Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H i-Pr OH

Br H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

OH Br H i-Pr

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H H

OH i-Pr Br H

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

H

i-Pr OH Br H

i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H OH

i-Pr Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H OH i-Pr

Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H i-Pr OH

Br H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

OH Br H i-Pr

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H

OH i-Pr Br H

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

H

i-Pr OH Br H

i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H OH

i-Pr Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H

i-Pr Br H OH i-Pr

Br H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H

i-Pr

Br H i-Pr OH

Br H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

OH Br H i-Pr

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H i-Pr

Br H

OH i-Pr Me H

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H OH

i-Pr Me H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr OH Me H

i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

OH Me H i-Pr

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr OH

Me H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H OH i-Pr

Me H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

OH i-Pr Me H

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H OH

i-Pr Me H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr Me H

i-Pr OH Me H

i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

OH Me H i-Pr

—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr OH

Me H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H i-Pr

Me H OH i-Pr

Me H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H

i-Pr

Me H i-Pr OH H t-Bu H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H t-Bu H i-Pr

H t-Bu H i-Pr

H t-Bu H i-Pr

H t-Bu H i-Pr H OH t-Bu H i-Pr H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ t-Bu H i-Pr H

t-Bu H i-Pr H

t-Bu H i-Pr H

t-Bu H H i-Pr OH t-Bu H H i-Pr —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ t-Bu H H i-Pr

t-Bu H H i-Pr

t-Bu H H i-Pr

t-Bu H H OH i-Pr t-Bu H H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr t-Bu H H

i-Pr t-Bu H H

i-Pr t-Bu H H

i-Pr t-Bu H OH H i-Pr t-Bu H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ H i-Pr t-Bu H

H i-Pr t-Bu H

H i-Pr t-Bu H

H i-Pr t-Bu H OH i-Pr H t-Bu H —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ i-Pr H t-Bu H

i-Pr H t-Bu H

i-Pr H t-Bu H

i-Pr H t-Bu *n = 3, 4, or 5 in (CH₂)_(n); i-Pr stands for isopropyl**Generally, R may be hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, etcfor use as a prodrug ***Me stands for methyl; t-Bu stands for tert-Butyl

What is claimed is:
 1. A dual thyrointegrin antagonist having thechemical structure of

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl; wherein X is —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ such that n is3, 4, or 5; wherein R₁ is I, R₂ is X, and R₃ is I.
 2. A method fortreating an angiogenesis-mediated disorder and/or a hyperthyroidismdisorder of an animal, said method comprising: introducing the dualthyrointegrin antagonist of claim 1 into the animal for treating theangiogenesis-mediated disorder and/or the hyperthyroidism disorder. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein said treating comprises treating theangiogenesis-mediated disorder, and wherein the angiogenesis-mediateddisorder is selected from the group consisting of cancer, diabeticretinopathy, macular degeneration, an inflammatory disorder, and anatherothrombotic disorder.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein saidtreating comprises treating the hyperthyroidism disorder.
 5. The methodof claim 2, wherein the animal is a human being.